Is there alcohol? Is it tea? Is it both or neither? All questions answer at last in this, the Complete Mormon's. Kombucha is a fermented tea drink, usually made from black or green tea, sugar, fruit juice and a combination of live cultures called a SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast). Some people make a kombucha-like drink with apple cider vinegar as the mother. Reduced Inflammation. While kombucha does contain alcohol, it is often considered to be a non-alcoholic beverage since the fermentation process typically only results. Others drink kombucha for its potential probiotic. but never fear, you can still enjoy your favorite probiotic drink. Pour the cooled tea into a clean glass jar or container and add the kombucha starter culture. The question of mate is actually something, unlike kombucha, that I have looked into in detail. But I don’t really want to try that because I think that it made me quite unwell. It is a fizzy, low-calorie beverage that comes in a variety of flavors. Apr 29, 2019 | AAAA AskGramps Website, Word of Wisdom. As such, kombucha that has more than 0. The kombucha process includes adding good bacteria, sugar, and yeast strains to black or green tea. Kombucha can boost the immune system. ICYMI, the health benefits of tea. Mormons are known for their abstinence from caffeine, but some members may be considering consuming decaf coffee. It can provide probiotic benefits. by Writer Sehrish; June 22, 2023 June 25, 2023; Coffee; Although coffee has long been a favourite beverage around the world, some religions like Mormonism, presently known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS) do not get along well with it. Can Lds Members Drink Matcha? Mormons are told not to consume any form of alcohol (see D&C 89:5–7). 8 billion stock portfolio, they do not own any stock in PepsiCo specifically. Kombucha is an ancient food dating back to as early as 220 B. I think it comes down to why you drink it and whether it's worth risking your recovery. To get drunk with Kombucha containing 4% to 5% ABV, you’ll need to drink 48 to 60 oz. . 6. Alcoholism: Kombucha tea contains alcohol. According to one study, kombucha can fight off H. Hot Drinks Controversy. Drop in the tea and allow it to steep until the water has cooled. It is also, from what I understand, made from black and green teas. The gut-healthy benefits of kombucha may also provide an immune system boost. The culture is added to the sugar and tea. 52 calories. The process. 3. Jaren Wilkey/BYU. like kombucha. In the revelation, the Lord teaches healthy practices. Or you may have even had some but weren’t sure exactly what it was. Brew a cup of very strong tea in a wide-mouth vessel. . After all, a healthy gut microbiome can help fend off issues like diarrhea and IBS and help your whole body function at its best. supermarkets, bodegas, and online retailers. 5 percent alcohol by volume. Drinking kombucha can help replenish the good bacteria in your gut, which can help offset some of the side effects of antibiotics. In addition, kombucha is rich in probiotics, which can also help promote a healthy gut. Selecting a microbially-rich SCOBY and starter tea jumpstarts fermentation, resulting in an active and vigorously bubbly beverage. 1. We’ve reviewed religious text, researched Mormon leaders and authorities to come up with the definitive answer that, in most cases, Mormons can not drink kombucha. Research supports fermented tea’s ability to. This can be a pleasant feeling for those who drink kombucha and can be a sign of a healthy fermentation process occurring. Then the mix is allowed to ferment. With its reputation as a health tonic, many parents have wondered if Kombucha is safe for children to consume. Ans: One of the four books of scripture used by the Church, the Doctrine and Covenants, contains a portion titled The Word of Wisdom. This study only involved 12 people, and the actual experiment took. Mormons are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). Kefir holds the upper hand in terms of having a higher amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Kombucha contains various ingredients that can help boost your libidos, such as caffeine and B vitamins. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The. A slightly increased amount of sugar in the primary fermentation provides just enough residual fuel. You can also drink kombucha throughout the day and in the evening, but you should keep in mind that it contains some caffeine, so don’t drink it too late if you’re sensitive to caffeine. Kombucha is a traditional fermented drink. For example, 1-2 ounces of fruit addition per 16 ounce bottle, or 3-4 ounces per 32 ounce bottle. Kombucha is a fermented tea drink, usually made from black or green tea, sugar, and/or fruit juice, and a combination of live cultures called a SCOBY (symbiotic culture of. While a glass of kombucha is A-OK, drinking multiple servings every single day may not be the best choice," Manaker says, noting that it might invade the space of good ol' H2O, can contain some caffeine from the tea, and could do a number on your teeth due to its acidity. Can Mormons have green tea leaf extract? October 6, 2022 3 0. Drinking a large amount without easing yourself into it can cause an upset stomach. Unfortunately for kombucha-loving moms-to-be, this drink isn't considered safe during pregnancy. You can use a paper towel or a clean tea towel and affix it with a rubber band. “Consuming more than 360ml of the fermented beverage in one day is definitely not recommended,” adds Dr Claire Shortt, a gut health specialist and nutritionist. Kombucha has an alcohol content, but then again, so do a lot of things. Other reasons for stomach aches as a side effect of kombucha include bacterial alterations, histamine content, drink constituents (additives, alcohol, caffeine. Healthy fats: such as avocados, nuts, seeds,. , 2017 ), Kombucha provides protection against nephrotoxicity activity by. The final result is a drink that tastes bubbly, tart, and a little sweet. Can I drink kombucha as a teen? Kombucha is a great drink for people of all ages. However, its sugar content can vary widely depending on certain factors. According to their faith, adherents should not consume any beverages or drinks that contain alcohol, coffee, or tea. 5 percent alcohol by volume, or around a tenth of what’s in an. As our friends at Kombucha Kamp say, Trust YOUR gut! Listen to your body and drink the amount that feels good for you. Aids in Disease Prevention. Doctors recommend keeping your daily kombucha intake to 12 ounces or less and splitting this amount into three servings of 4 ounces, taken throughout the day. The end result is a liquid that has vinegar, B vitamins and many other types of acids, including amino acids. But again, human studies are lacking. Taking kombucha before meals aids in digestion by curbing your appetite. Although there are recipes that avoid caffeine and alcohol, almost all commercial brands are. Storing at a slightly warmer temperature (around 80 degrees) ensures consistent and rapid fermentation. Because of its low pH, Kombucha naturally has a long shelf life and is generally safe to drink even if it is past its expiration date as long as it has been properly stored in the refrigerator. No mohawks, spikes, or fully bald heads are recommended. There’s little. You can drink unrefrigerated kombucha warm, but it. Stewart explains that if you can continue to drink kombucha, it may help with morning sickness, immunity, heartburn, leg cramps. Due to the fermentation process, some of the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds found in traditional tea are actually found in higher levels after fermentation. When cool enough to touch, rub the beans to loosen the hulls from the beans. Why can Mormons drink soda but not coffee? In an international church, and faced with varying customs and conditions, the Word of Wisdom can present Mormon missionaries with their share of, well, awkward dilemmas as they strive to heed the LDS health code. Officially, Mormons are supposed to be almost entirely vegetarian. Use something like a lint-free dish or tea towel, part of an old clean pillowcase, or even a coffee filter, for smaller crocks. Med J Aust. The resulting liquid contains vinegar, B vitamins and a number of other chemical compounds. Drink frozen kombucha soon after thawing for maximum freshness. Ultimately, kombucha cultures can make vinegar. Interpretations vary. Many de-alcoholised beers and wines have an ABV of 0. 05% alcohol by volume, which is similar to most fruit juices you have in your fridge and a sourdough bread. In order to see for myself if kombucha really did deliver on its health benefits, including help with bloating, digestion, and fighting inflammation, I decided to drink it for one. 5% alcohol by volume. The alcohol concentration in kombucha is low, with most commercially available brews containing under 0. Levels are likely to vary between products. Kombucha contains small amounts of vitamins and minerals which are produced when the yeast breaks down the sugars, including vitamin C and the B group of vitamins such as B1, B6 and B12. Aim to have about 4 ounces 10 to 15 minutes before meals. Kombucha (benefits of kombucha) is one of the biggest natural sources of probiotics since it is made of yeast and good bacteria. The Mormon Church’s stance on caffeine consumption. ( Where to buy water filters ). A good goal for kombucha-to-fruit ratios is about 85-90% finished kombucha and 10-15% fruit additions. If you drink hard kombucha, be aware that alcohol is a diuretic, according to the Mayo Clinic. Yes, it was derived from tea but the process of fermentation is so total that kombucha is chemically not the same. Improves insulin sensitivity, lowers blood sugar levels and helps with diabetes. In fact, many people believe that this can actually enhance the flavour of the drink. Allergic reactions, jaundice, serious illness,. Fill a 2-quart saucepan 2/3 with water and add ginger. The Bottom Line. It is because kombucha contains varying levels of alcohol. Can Mormons Drink Kombucha? September 27, 2023 September 23, 2023. Alcohol in homemade kombucha. The answer to Why can’t mormons drink coffee is rooted in their faith and values. 3. LAB is an order of gram-positive acid-tolerant bacteria that control the gut matter maintaining it in a healthy condition. The Mormon prohibition on coffee and tea consumption is based on a health code called the Word of Wisdom, which provides guidelines for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to follow. Kombucha is a fermented. They do follow a health guide that restricts certain beverages, like coffee and tea. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon church, recently updated its guidelines on iced coffee and tea, as well as e-cigarettes. Kombucha changes your microbiome, or gut bacteria. Stay on the safe side and avoid use. The symptoms are diminishing every day. Kombucha is low in calories and sugar. Can Mormons drink coffee? Mormons are not allowed to drink coffee. It also naturally contains minor amounts of alcohol, so it’s best to avoid. I'm from California, so Kombucha may as well be the state drink and I see Mormons down it all the time. Sources. Coffee was also mentioned in the "Word of Wisdom. The alcohol content in kombucha varies depending on a numberIf stored properly in airtight containers, frozen kombucha can last 2-3 months before quality starts to decline. With its tangy flavor and probiotic benefits, it. 1. Though the caffeine content is less after fermentation, there is still caffeine present in the finished. Each Mormon is expected to use their own discretion when deciding whether or not to drink kombucha. However, it can still go bad because of improper storage and contamination. Read This to Find Out Whether Mormons Drink Kombucha. Kefir: Opt for unflavored, unsweetened varieties that don’t contain added fruits or refined sugars. Kombucha is an excellent source of B-complex vitamins, including thiamin and niacin. (1) The exact cause of a headache is unknown, but. March 6, 2023 / Digestive Is Kombucha Good for You? Research is limited, but there’s evidence the fermented tea offers some health benefits Kombucha dates back more. You can learn more about how kombucha is made here. Essentially, antioxidants are molecules that fight the free radicals in your body. 5% ABV, homemade kombucha can contain more. Some of the possible cons of drinking kombucha include: 1. Using clean utensils, strain out tea or remove tea bag and stir in. However, it is important to know how to tell if kombucha has gone bad so that you can avoid drinking spoiled or mouldy kombucha. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Discover how kombucha good for diarrhea can offer relief! Explore the benefits and uses of this. Why can Mormons not drink green tea? Drinking tea is against the Word of Wisdom, the official doctrine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. When making this make sure that your kombucha has aged for at least a month and then add a few ingredients to make a great cleaner. Method. Kombucha is a fermented tea drink touted as a health tonic. Show your boss the ingredients on the back. In general, kombucha is made with black and green tea— which are no-nos in the Word of Wisdom For Mormons, this aspect of kombucha is little trickier because the reason the Word of Wisdom outlaws tea is unclear. Simms. 2. Making kombucha entails cultivating tea (usually green or black). 15 Unique Coffee Flavors You Haven’t Tried But ShouldBest kombucha to buy at a glance. Maria Zamarripa, a Denver-based registered dietitian, says kombucha and its beneficial probiotics can support gut health, but she stresses that the drink is not a substitute for a healthy diet. 4. Drink only a small amount at first (4-6 ounces) to see how your body reacts. The restriction on coffee and tea is based on the Word of Wisdom, a Law of Health that outlines guidelines for Mormon dietary practices. For reference, home brewed root beer has about 0. It’s amazing to think that when the Word of Wisdom was revealed in 1833, the world didn’t understand the. Drinking sweetened beverages such as kombucha can worsen blood sugar control in people with diabetes. pylori, the bacteria that. 1. They may consume 16oz or more in one serving, 1-3x per day. I definitely got one of those that was stronger than labeled. “The main benefit of kombucha is the billions of probiotics found in the drink,” explains Emily Zorn, MS, RD. 5%, yet a very ripe banana can have an ABV of up to 0. 26. At times, you can only laugh at how ignorant people can be. It’s also unpasteurized and may contain alcohol. Overdoing It With Your Kombucha Habit May Lead to Headaches. Kombucha is a drink made of yeast, sugar, and fermented tea. Additionally, while your average glass of kombucha contains less caffeine than the recommended daily limit for pregnant people ( 200 mcg ), it is made from high-caffeine teas and could easily set you over your limit if you're already drinking coffee or a few cups of tea daily. At its simplest, kombucha contains brewed tea and sugar. August 15, 2019 Official Statement : In recent publications for Church members. During fermentation, the SCOBY breaks down the sugars in the tea and produces alcohol. Check Your SilverSneakers Eligibility Instantly SilverSneakers members can go to thousands of gyms and fitness locations across the nation, plus take exercise classes designed for seniors and led. In a 2-quart pitcher, add maple syrup, apple cider vinegar and lemon juice. ”. The fermented tea first became popular in East Asia for its health benefits, and it originated in northeast China around 220 B. It's usually sweetened. Add the tea and stir in the sugar until it is fully dissolved. Is Kombucha safe for kids? Kombucha does contain a small amount of alcohol as a natural by-product of the fermentation. A SCOBY is a grown living culture of bacteria that starts the fermentation process to produce Kombucha. As with all cultured foods, the longer it ferments, the more sugar it consumes. I’ve got your new holiday drink right here! This kombucha spiked bourbon smash is illuminated with sprightful flavors. Kombucha can help to detoxify the body. While it’s true that the Mormon Church holds a significant amount of shares in various companies, including a $37. help with bloating, digestion, and fighting inflammation. Now a ubiquitous option in most U. probiotics, you have to consider taste. Boil a quarter of the total water in a saucepan, turn off the heat and add the teabags and the sugar, give it a quick stir to dissolve the sugar and leave for 6-10 minutes to brew. The shelf life of kombucha can be up to one month in the fridge. Danger 2: Drinking too much kombucha. we’ve done extensive study on every possible beverage. Though it’s not part of a strict fast, vegetable juice is a good beverage to consider during intermittent fasting. “Probiotics help us have a healthy gut and are most. Thomson MICROMEDEX. Kombucha is a fizzy, fun drink, but it may contain excess alcohol and sugar. What can Mormons drink? Mormons are encouraged to refrain from consuming coffee and tea and are advised to seek suitable alternatives such as chocolate milk, juices, sodas, milkshakes, and water. Tuition. Though I have nieces who actively. So, if in doubt, drink often and enjoy whenever. Whole grains are important in the Blue Zones diet. Cover the jar with a clean cloth and rubber band and let it ferment in a warm, dark place for 7-30 days. Place the jar in a warm, dark location for a week (the ideal temperature is 75°F). Kombucha is a fermented beverage made with tea, sugar, and SCOBY. It contains no caffeine, and can be both relaxing and refreshing. Most fermented food and drinks (including our water kefir and health. Kombucha has an alcohol content, but then again, so do a lot of things. Although they may choose to drink it in moderation, most Mormons avoid coffee altogether so that they can remain true to their faith. For green tea decaffeination, the company uses the carbon dioxide method. Follow our guide to find out how to make your own kombucha at home and ensure that it is keto-friendly. Add 20% starter tea (ie 1L starter + 4L sweet hibiscus “tea”). The fact that kombucha contains live probiotic matter is only more reason why you should le. Diabetes: Kombucha tea might affect blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Using proper sterile techniques can reduce harmful bacteria in the product, but the best way to eliminate any bacteria that might grow during the long fermentation process is to pasteurize the beverage with a quick heat treatment before. Can Mormons Drink Kombucha? Read This to Find Out Whether Mormons Drink Kombucha. While more research is needed, current studies show that consuming a. For an average size dog, this means that 1-2 teaspoons of kombucha per day should be safe. The Mormon Church does not have an official stance on caffeine consumption. You can get a SCOBY from a friend or online. You can speed up the cooling process by placing the pot in an ice bath. Sourdough bread has a lower glycemic-index than regular white bread. The blessings of living the Word of Wisdom. Aug. If you are sensitive to alcohol, avoid drinking. Mormonism is the colloquial name for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) . C. Learn the truth about claims it can help you shed pounds, improve heart health and detox. God has revealed the Word of Wisdom as a commandment for the physical and spiritual benefit of His children. This carbon dioxide can create a ‘buzz’ oftentimes described as a ‘tingling’ or ‘fiziness’ in the drink. However, if you’re not over the legal limit for alcohol consumption, then you are allowed to drink Kombucha while driving. These include. Provides a Strong Connection Between Gut and Brain. The Mormon scriptures clearly state that meat “should be used, only in times of winter, or of cold, or famine. Consider the following before drinking kombucha tea: Pregnancy Concerns. Boil about 2 gallons of fresh, filtered water on the stove top. Watch for signs of low blood sugar. In fact, store-bought kombucha tends to contain about as much alcohol as some varieties of bread or fruit, at around 0. The Good Stuff. Kombucha, the fizzy fermented tea drink, has become a popular health beverage in recent years. 5% alcohol/ethanol are legally halal as long as the process does. What is expected of a Mormon woman? A Mormon woman is expected to be a wife and mother. Jill Chen/Stocksy. Here are some facts about the Word of Wisdom: In Doctrine and Covenants 89:8–9, the Lord forbids our using tobacco and “hot drinks,” which, Church leaders have explained, means tea and coffee. 1. Kombucha can be found in the refrigerated section of most grocery stores. 5 and 2. Drinking kombucha can help replenish the good bacteria in your gut, which can help offset some of the side effects of antibiotics. According to a review published by the University of Latvia, drinking kombucha tea can be beneficial for many infections and diseases “due to four main properties: detoxification, anti-oxidation, energizing potencies and promotion of depressed immunity. But, if it’s kept for too long, the taste will change and not be as tasty or beneficial for your gut bacteria. Food. Depending on the size of your pot, this will take a few hours. For those of you who desire less sugar, just let it ferment until it is very tart. Adaptogens are substances that help your body respond better to stress. It’s amazing to think that when the Word of Wisdom was revealed in 1833, the world didn’t understand the. However, the drink can have risks in large amounts or for certain groups of people. Kombucha is a fermented tea drink, usually made from black or green tea, sugar, and/or fruit juice, and a combination of live cultures called a SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast). There are four potential concerns: alcohol, caffeine, acidity, and contamination. Then the beverage mixture needs to ferment. Officially, Mormons are supposed to be almost entirely vegetarian. Cover the jar with a clean cloth and rubber band and let it ferment in a warm, dark place for 7-30 days. 3. The sugar content of homemade kombucha can vary quite a bit depending on the recipe and fermentation time. In 1833, Church prophet Joseph Smith received a revelation from God regarding health, known as the Word of Wisdom (see Doctrine and Covenenants 89). The truth is more complicated, and has been a long-running. Can Mormons Drink Kombucha? The Comprehensive Guide by Susan Grey. Ultimately, children can drink kombucha. Avoid cool locations, which can lead to mold. 5% ABV. There are many different kinds of kombucha available to consumers. Learn about the historical and religious reasons behind why can't mormons drink coffee, and how it continues to shape their beliefs today. Moving the goalposts. The Lord has revealed to me that there are spirits in the Spirit world waiting for me to do. 25. There is an herbal tea for every taste and season. Read More » The best food combination with Kombucha to help slow down the absorption of sugar from the Kombucha and support digestion are; Protein: such as cottage cheese, yogurt, miso soup, tempeh, or tofu. Do Mormons drink? Mormons, more properly referred to as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, believe they are divinely counseled not to drink. J. Doctors advise pregnant and lactating women to avoid drinking kombucha. Most Mormons don’t even know about this rule. May Help Manage Type 2 Diabetes Research has shown that kombucha has a direct impact on the digestion of carbs by slowing down the process, thus reducing the blood sugar levels which helps type 2. Although advocates of Kombucha tea have attributed many therapeutic effects to the drink (1-3), its beneficial and/or adverse effects have not been determined scientifically. This article answered you why can’t Mormons drink coffee. The. There is a small amount of alcohol that occurs as a bi-product due to the fermentation process. 12+ years old: Kombucha can be. ”. Fermentation is making a huge comeback. The longer the fermentation, the more sugar gets consumed and the stronger the kombucha is. Traditionally a carbonated drink with live micro-organisms, kombucha is made by brewing together. Though store bought kombucha usually contains less than 0. Some of these benefits include improved digestion, more energy, and a boost to. Kombucha is a natural adaptogen that helps keep your nerves under control, and you happy. Kombucha may be able to help you control weight. Mormons, more properly referred to as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, believe they are divinely counseled not to drink coffee. Kombucha is a fermented tea. Drinking 1-2 glasses of kombucha per day is generally considered safe and may help. Kombucha is a living drink. Because kombucha contains small amounts of caffeine, alcohol, and bacteria, young children (under 12) should probably avoid the drink altogether. Kombucha is extraordinarily antioxidant rich, and you all know the benefits of anti-oxidants for boosting your immune system and energy levels. (2) It’s important to note that the digestive system and immune system are. Mormons, more properly referred to as members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, believe they are divinely counseled not to drink alcohol, including beer and wine. The best way is to brew it yourself and opt for a long fermentation. Kombucha does contain antioxidants, so it can be a source of nutrients along. Can Mormons Drink Kombucha? Read This to Find Out Whether Mormons Drink Kombucha. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. Tea is high in antioxidants like polyphenols that decrease inflammation in the body to help fight off disease and premature cellular aging. I am aware of many hippie TBMs who are getting into it. But is it a potion or poison? Evidently, back in the 20s, 30s, and 40s, there were several medical studies conducted by recognized physicians confirming all sorts of beneficial effects. (The typical pH of kombucha is around 3. Such is the interest in fermented foods that governing bodies have been forced to get involved, particularly in the US, where sales of kombucha are growing at a faster rate than any other soft drink. A forum for ex-mormons and others who have been affected by mormonism to get…Kombucha the fermented tea. It is still safe to drink kombucha after the expiration date, but it may not have all of the benefits of fresh kombucha. Q: Can Mormons drink kombucha? A: Brews and religion, eh? Mormons generally avoid alcohol, and while kombucha contains a smidge of it due to fermentation, it’s typically. Lowered blood pressure. Method. Can Mormons Drink Kombucha? September 27, 2023 September 23, 2023 Kombucha, the fizzy fermented tea drink, has become a popular health beverage in recent years. ago. (The typical pH of kombucha is around 3. While some are low in. Read more How To Make Kombucha: The Comprehensive Post by Susan Grey. Consuming the wrong kind of kombucha, or too much of it, may produce harmful side effects. 5 percent ABV. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. You may have heard of it or seen it popping up on the shelves of Whole Foods or other grocers. The founders and current CEO of Pepsi have no ties to the LDS Church either. Remove the teabags from the solution, but don’t squeeze them as it can cause the brew to be bitter. He also prohibits some substances that are. While some people assume that Mormons are forbidden from drinking caffeinated beverages like Coca-Cola, the truth is more complex. After drinking a cup of kombucha daily. Kombucha is a delicious and healthy drink that can be enjoyed in many different ways. Second, it contains good bacteria, but there can be too much of a good thing. One study found. While kombucha itself is not a laxative, it still may make you poop shortly after drinking it. It's best to consume kombucha before or after a meal if you're drinking it to improve digestion. The Mormon Church’s stance on caffeine consumption. While a glass of kombucha is A-OK, drinking multiple servings every single day may not be the best choice," Manaker says, noting that it might invade the space of good ol' H2O, can contain some caffeine from the tea, and could do a number on your teeth due to its acidity. Drinking kombucha on an empty stomach may have some potential benefits for gut health, but there's no scientific evidence to support this claim. Kombucha is made by combining brewed tea with a combination of bacteria and yeast, commonly referred to as “SCOBY. The benefits of kombucha include being high in antioxidants and having antimicrobial properties.